品牌为任何公司或产品提供标识。品牌既可以代表在同一品牌名称下生产多种产品的企业名称,也可以代表公司在多个其他品牌之外所生产的特定产品。品牌为全球范围内的产品或公司提供识别功能。
单一品牌零售贸易和多品牌零售贸易的概念由来已久,外国投资者一直在探索通过这一途径在印度进行投资。据此,工业和内部贸易促进部已对多品牌和单一品牌零售贸易中的外商直接投资(FDI)政策进行了定义。
单一品牌零售贸易和多品牌零售贸易属于外商直接投资政策中贸易板块的一部分。政府已将以下行业归入贸易板块:
- 现购自运批发贸易/批发贸易
- 电子商务活动
- 单一品牌产品零售贸易
- 多品牌零售贸易
- 免税店
在本文中,您将深入了解多品牌和单一品牌零售贸易的外商直接投资政策。
1. 单一品牌零售贸易 (SBRT)
1.1 单一品牌零售贸易的含义
- 关于单一品牌零售贸易(SBRT)的外商直接投资政策自2006年起开始实施。自那时起,已有超过100个品牌获得了政府的SBRT活动批准。
- 顾名思义,单一品牌零售贸易是指在国内外以同一品牌销售任何类别的产品。该板块通常直接向消费者销售商品,而非面向其他企业。
- 例如星巴克(Starbucks),星巴克以“星巴克”这一品牌销售饮料和食品。它还以同一品牌名称销售杯子。因此,其他例子还包括索尼(Sony)、诺基亚(Nokia)、LG、阿迪达斯(Adidas)、耐克(Nike)等。
1.2 SBRT中允许的外商直接投资
根据工业政策和促进部(DIPP)发布的最新政策,即《2020年综合外商直接投资政策通告》,有关SBRT外商直接投资政策的详情如下:
:
FDI Policy – Single Brand Product Retail Trading
| Sector |
% of Equity/FDI Cap |
Entry Route |
| Single Brand Product Retail Trading |
100% |
Automatic |
政府已明确表示,允许在单一品牌零售领域进行外商直接投资的基本目标是吸引生产和营销方面的投资,从而改善消费者对相关商品的获取途径,鼓励增加从印度采购商品,并通过获取全球设计、技术和管理实践来增强印度企业的竞争力。
1.3 单一品牌零售的外商直接投资条件
单一品牌零售领域的外商直接投资须遵守以下条件:
- 所售产品必须仅属于“单一品牌”。
- 产品应在印度以外的一个或多个国家(即国际上)以同一品牌销售。因此,如果一个品牌仅在印度销售,则无权获得此类别的外商直接投资。
- SBRT仅涵盖那些在制造过程中已贴牌的产品。
- 非居民实体(无论是否为品牌所有者)均被允许在境内开展特定品牌的“单一品牌”产品零售贸易。非居民实体可由品牌所有者授权,或通过从事单一品牌零售贸易的印度实体与品牌所有者之间签署具有法律效力的协议获得许可。
- 对于外资持股比例超过 51% 的提案,还需考虑以下几点:
- 采购商品价值的 30% 必须来自印度。在所有行业中,应优先向微型、小型和中型企业(MSMEs)、乡村和家庭手工业、工匠及手工艺人进行采购。
- 国内采购金额由公司进行自我认证,随后由法定审计师根据公司经认证的账目进行核实。
- 此项采购要求必须在首个五年内达到,即以 SBRT 业务开展之年(以开设第一家门店或开始在线零售之日为准,以较早者为准)的 4 月 1 日起,计算五年内所采购商品总价值的平均值。因此,SBRT 实体需按年度满足 30% 的本地采购规范。
- 为确定采购要求,相关实体应为在印度注册成立、且为开展单一品牌产品零售贸易而接受外商投资的公司。
- 在计算 30% 的限额时,SBRT 实体为该单一品牌在印度进行的所有采购均应计入本地采购,无论所采购商品是在印度销售还是出口。
- SBRT 实体也可将其在印度为全球业务采购的商品抵扣 30% 的强制性采购要求。
- “在印度为全球业务采购商品”是指在特定财政年度内,由从事 SBRT 的实体或其集团公司(居民或非居民)直接,或通过第三方根据法律协议间接,为该单一品牌在印度采购的商品价值(以印度卢比 ₹ 计算)。
- 通过实体门店运营的 SBRT 实体可以开展电子商务零售业务。此外,在开设实体门店之前也可以进行电子商务零售,前提是该实体必须在在线零售业务开始之日起 2 年内开设实体门店。
1.4 针对尖端和“前沿”技术的外商直接投资(FDI)
- 印度品牌必须由印度居民公民或由印度居民公民拥有和控制的公司所拥有和控制。
- 对于从事具有“尖端”和“前沿”技术产品且无法实现本地采购的单一品牌零售贸易实体,自业务开展(即开设第一家门店或开始在线零售之日,以较早者为准)起 3 年内,不适用采购规范。
- 然而,在业务开展三年后(以开始在线零售或开设第一家门店之日为准,以较早者为准),上述条件中提到的采购规范将适用。
- 由 DPIIT 秘书担任主席,并由来自印度国家转型委员会(NITI Aayog)、相关行政部门的代表以及该领域的独立技术专家组成的委员会,将审查申请人关于产品属于“尖端”和“前沿”技术且无法实现本地采购的主张,并就此类放宽政策提出建议。
2. 多品牌零售贸易
2.1 多品牌零售贸易(MBRT)的含义
- FDI 政策中未对多品牌零售贸易给出明确定义。然而,顾名思义,该细分市场是指在同一公司旗下销售多个品牌。例如,印度斯坦联合利华(Hindustan Unilever)旗下拥有多芬(Dove)、Boost、布鲁克邦德(Brook bond)等多个品牌。同样,Meta 也是多品牌零售贸易的一个例子,旗下拥有 Facebook、Instagram、WhatsApp 等。
- MBRT 的作用与印度非正规部门中的当地杂货店(Kirana stores)相同。
- 根据印度政府发布的新闻稿,印度已收到一家英国外国公司的多品牌零售外商直接投资。各邦/中央直辖区的 FDI 流入数据并未进行集中维护。
2.2 MBRT 允许的外商直接投资
根据 FDI 政策,MBRT 中的外商直接投资允许在以下限额内进行:
行业/活动 股权比例/FDI 上限 进入途径多品牌零售贸易 51% 政府审批
2.3 MBRT 外商直接投资的条件
在满足以下条件的前提下,允许对所有产品进行多品牌零售贸易的外商直接投资:
- 新鲜农产品,包括水果、蔬菜、花卉、谷物、豆类、鲜禽、水产和肉类产品,可以是无品牌的。
- 必须在印度投资至少 1 亿美元,即约 70 亿印度卢比。
- 后端基础设施的强制性投资:
- At least 50% of the total FDI brought in the first tranche of US $ 100 million, shall be invested in 'back-end infrastructure' within three years.
- ‘Back-end infrastructure’ will include capital expenditure on all activities, excluding that on front-end units; for instance, back-end infrastructure will include investment made towards processing, manufacturing, distribution, design improvement, quality control, packaging, logistics, storage, warehouse, agriculture market produce infrastructure, etc.
- Expenditure on land cost and rentals, if any, will not be counted for purposes of ‘backend infrastructure’. Subsequent investment in backend infrastructure would be made by the MBRT retailer as needed, depending upon its business requirements.
- Source of Domestic Procurement
- At least 30% of the total procurement of manufactured/processed products purchased shall be sourced from Indian MSME industries, which have a total investment in plant & machinery not exceeding US $ 2.00 million(INR 14 Crore approx).
- This valuation refers to the value at the time of installation, without providing for depreciation.
- The status of ‘small industry’ would be reckoned only at the time of the first engagement. Therefore, such an industry shall qualify as a ‘small industry’ even if it outgrows the investment of US $ 2.00 million during the course of its relationship.
- Sourcing from agricultural co-operatives and farmers' co-operatives would also be considered in this category.
- A period of 5 years has been given for meeting this requirement for the first compliance. The procurement requirement would have to be met, as an average of five years' total value of the manufactured/processed products purchased, beginning 1st April of the year during which the first tranche of FDI is received. Thereafter, it would have to be met on an annual basis.
- Self-certification by the company could be cross-checked, as and when required. Accordingly, the investors shall maintain accounts, duly certified by statutory auditors.
- Location of retail sales outlets
- Retail sales locations may be set up only in cities with a population of more than 10 lacks as per the 2011 Census or any other cities as per the decision of the respective State Governments, and may also cover an area of 10 km around the municipal/urban agglomeration limits of such cities;
- Retail locations will be restricted to conforming areas as per the Master/Zonal Plans of the concerned cities and provision will be made for requisite facilities such as transport connectivity and parking.
- Other Conditions
- It has been clarified that the above-mentioned policy is an enabling policy only and the State Governments/Union Territories would be free to take their own decisions in regard to the implementation of the policy. Therefore, retail sales outlets may be set up in those States/Union Territories which have agreed, or agreed in the future, to allow FDI in MBRT under this policy.
- Retail sales outlets may be set up only in those States/Union Territories which have agreed or agreed in the future, to allow FDI in MBRT under FDI policy. The following states have given their consent to allow FDI in MBRT—
- Andhra Pradesh
- Assam
- Delhi
- Haryana
- Himachal Pradesh
- Jammu & Kashmir
- Karnataka
- Maharashtra
- Manipur
- Rajasthan
- Uttarakhand
- Daman & Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Union Territories)