非银行金融公司向新基于规模的监管框架的过渡

非银行金融机构（“NBFC”）是指根据《公司法》注册，从事贷款和垫款、租赁、分期付款等融资业务的公司。NBFC 在印度经济中的作用已显著增强，各行各业都在从 NBFC 获取金融服务。

因此，印度储备银行（“RBI”）正逐步加强对 NBFC 的监管，以确保其在监管框架下运作。为此，印度储备银行于 2021 年 10 月 22 日发布了第 RBI/2021-22/112 DOR.CRE.REC.No.60/03.10.001/2021-22 号通知，为 NBFC 制定了一套全新的基于规模的监管（“SBR”）框架。

本文将详细探讨向这一新监管框架的过渡。

1. 当前分类与新分类的对比

1.1. 当前分类

• 目前，NBFC 的分类依据是：
  • NBFC 的负债类型和资产规模；以及
  • NBFC 所从事的业务性质

• 根据负债类型，NBFC 分为：
  • 吸收存款的 NBFC（NBFC-D）和
  • 不吸收存款的 NBFC。

• 此外，根据资产规模，不吸收存款的 NBFC 进一步分为资产规模超过 50 亿卢比的系统重要性 NBFC（NBFC-ND-SI）和资产规模低于 50 亿卢比的非系统重要性 NBFC（NBFC-ND）。

• 同时，NBFC 也根据业务性质划分为不同类别。以下是基于业务性质的 NBFC 分类示例：

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1.2. SBR 框架下的修订分类

• 在 SBR 框架下，NBFC 被划分为以下四个层级：
  • 基础层
  • 中间层
  • 上层
  • 顶层

• 新框架下的分类综合考虑了资产规模和业务性质。高风险 NBFC 也通过各种定量和定性参数进行识别。

阅读更多关于 NBFC 新 SBR 框架的内容。

2. 新监管框架的适用性

• 根据通知，新监管框架将于 2022 年 10 月 1 日起生效。
• 然而，每位借款人用于认购首次公开募股（IPO）的融资上限为 1000 万卢比，该规定自 2022 年 4 月 1 日起适用。
• 自 2022 年 10 月 1 日起，所有提及 NBFC-ND 的内容均指 NBFC-BL，所有提及 NBFC-D 和 NBFC-ND-SI 的内容均视情况指代 NBFC-ML 或 NBFC-UL。

3. 向新监管框架的过渡

印度储备银行提供了以下向新 SBR 框架过渡的路线图：

3.1. 最低净自有资金

• 对于 NBFC-CCI、NBFC-MFI 和 NBFC-Factors，最低净自有资金（“NOF”）的监管要求已从 2000 万卢比提高至 1 亿卢比。
• 不过，为达到 1 亿卢比的 NOF 要求，提供了以下指导路径：

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• 其他 NBFC 的 NOF 要求保持不变。

3.2. NPA Classification

• Under new SBR Framework, time period classification of Non-performing assets has been reduced to 90 days for all categories of NBFCs. However, such provision shall not immediately.
• Following is the framework provided for applicability of revised NPA Norms:

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• However, such glide path will not be applicable to NBFCs which are already required to follow the 90-day NPA norm.

3.3. Transition path for NBFC-Upper Layer

• Norms for NBFCs falling under Base Layer and Upper Layer are mostly the same as applicable currently except for some changes such as Net Owned funds and NPA classification.

• Therefore, the transition path is provided for NBFC falling under Upper Layer. 

• RBI shall advise the NBFC about its categorization under NBFC-UL once identified and such NBFC shall be placed under the regulations applicable to Upper Layer. The following timetables must be followed for this purpose:
  • Within three months of receiving notice, the NBFC must establish a Board-approved policy for the adoption of the increased regulatory framework, as well as a strategy for its implementation.
  • Within a maximum of 24 months (including above 3 months) from the date of advice, the Board shall ensure that the requirements provided for the NBFC-UL are followed.
  • The Board-approved roadmap for implementing the enhanced regulatory requirement will be presented to the Reserve Bank for approval and will be subject to supervisory examination.

• Transition of NBFC to the Upper Layer
  • Once an NBFC is classified as NBFC-UL, it is subject to stricter regulatory requirements for at least 5 years, even if it fails to meet the parametric criteria in succeeding years.
  • However, NBFC-UL may exit the enhanced regulatory framework before the five-year period if the exit is due to a voluntary strategic move to recalibrate operations in accordance with a Board-approved policy.
  • NBFCs that are on the verge of meeting the standards and benchmarks that would qualify them for NBFC-UL classification will be notified so that they can adapt their activities (In case they intend to continue to function as NBFC-ML on a long-term basis and do not want to graduate to NBFC-UL).

• Review of Assessment Methodology 

The approach for evaluating the NBFC-UL will be evaluated on a regular basis.

3.4. Government-owned NBFCs are divided into four categories.

Government-owned NBFCs are still in the transition phase to meet the minimal CRAR, according to the Reserve Bank's circular on 'Withdrawal of Exemptions Granted to Government-Owned NBFCs' dated May 31, 2018. As a result, it has been decided that certain NBFCs will not be subjected to the Upper Layer regulatory framework at this time. A decision on whether to include qualifying Government NBFCs that match the stipulated requirements in the Upper Layer will be made at a later date, and in the meantime, the NBFC-ML guidelines will apply.

3.5. Regulation of NBFCs not availing public funds and not having customer interface

NBFCs that do not use public funds and do not have a client interface have a different risk profile and, as a result, should be treated differently by regulators. The Reserve Bank has decided to provide separate regulations for such NBFCs in the near future. The existing regulations will continue to apply until that time comes.