转让定价:交易净利润法

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转让定价
发布日期:
December 14, 2021

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通俗地说,转让定价可以理解为关联方或关联实体之间进行交易时,商品或服务的定价。此类交易包括:成品销售、固定资产或原材料采购、无形资产的买卖、已支付/收到的费用报销、IT赋能服务、支持服务、软件开发服务、技术服务费、管理费、特许权使用费、公司担保费以及收付贷款等。

对于关联实体或关联方而言,所有部门的利润最终都归属于同一人或同一集团。因此,在某些情况下,关联实体之间的交易价格可能会高于或低于真实价格。这种做法通常是为了节省税负,即通过降低适用高税率部门的利润,或将利润从一个实体转移到另一个实体。为了遏制此类避税行为,《所得税法》及其他相关税法规定了转让定价条款,以确保交易按“公平交易价格”(Arm’s Length Price)进行,从而避免税收流失。

为简化流程,《所得税法》提供了多种计算“公平交易价格”(ALP)的方法,其中“交易净利润法”(TNMM)就是其中之一。本文将简要介绍什么是交易净利润法、其适用范围、印度相关法规、使用时机及其优缺点。

1. 什么是交易净利润法(TNMM)?

  • 根据《所得税法》第92C(2)条,国际交易或特定国内交易的公平交易价格(ALP)应通过以下最合适的方法计算:
    • 可比非受控价格法(CUP)
    • 转售价格法
    • 成本加成法
    • 利润分割法
    • 交易净利润法
  • 在交易净利润法下,计算国际交易或特定国内交易产生的净利润率,并将其与可比非受控交易的净利润率进行比较。根据交易事实的差异,对净利润率进行必要的调整。

2. 通过TNMM计算公平交易价格

《所得税法》第10B(1)(e)条规定了通过TNMM计算ALP的步骤。计算步骤如下:

  • 第一步:计算相关交易的净利润率
  1. 第一步是计算国际交易或特定国内交易的净利润。
  2. 《所得税法》本身并未规定净利润的计算方法。在通用语境和会计实务中,净利润是通过从总收入中扣除直接和间接费用来计算的。
  3. 因此,相关交易的净利润应在扣除直接和间接费用后计算得出。
  4. 一旦计算出净利润金额,应以百分比形式计算净利润率,该百分比可根据所发生的成本、销售收入、所用资产或其他相关基数进行计算。
  5. 例如:
    • 国际交易销售收入:100,000印度卢比
    • 原材料成本:50,000印度卢比
    • 人工成本:15,000印度卢比
    • 行政及财务费用:20,000印度卢比
    • 净利润:15,000印度卢比(100,000 - 50,000 - 15,000 - 20,000)
    • 净利润率(对销售额):15%(15,000/100,000 * 100)
  • 第二步:识别可比非受控交易
  1. 计算出净利润率后,下一步是识别可比非受控交易。
  2. 此类交易可以由企业自身进行,如果内部没有可用的交易,则可以考虑由非关联企业进行的交易。

例如:X有限公司向其位于印度境外的全资子公司提供了一定服务。为计算此类交易的ALP,X有限公司计算了该交易的净利润率。

现在,如果X有限公司向任何非关联方提供类似服务,则该交易可用于计算ALP。但是,如果X有限公司未与任何非关联方进行类似交易,而Y有限公司与非关联方进行了相同的交易,则可以将Y有限公司的交易作为计算ALP的基础。

  • 第三步:计算可比非受控交易的净利润率
  1. 为了进行比较,应计算可比非受控交易的净利润率。
  2. 计算时应采用相同的基数,即如果关联企业交易的净利润率是根据销售额计算的,那么可比交易的净利润率也应根据销售额计算。
  • 第四步:对可比非受控交易的净利润率进行调整
  1. 由于关联企业交易与可比非受控交易之间存在差异,需对可比非受控交易的净利润率进行必要调整。
  2. 例如:
    • X有限公司以200,000印度卢比的价格向其位于印度境外的全资子公司销售了20,000个白色包。该交易的净利润率为15%。
    • X有限公司以450,000印度卢比的价格向一家非关联企业销售了50,000个黑色包。该交易的净利润率为25%。
    • 对于超过30,000个单位的销售,X有限公司提供1%的批量折扣。
    • 此外,黑色包的利润率比白色包高2%。
    • 因此,可比非受控交易的调整后净利润率为24%(25% + 1% - 2%)
  • 第五步:计算公平交易价格
  1. 现在,通过考虑上述计算出的净利润率来计算公平交易价格。
  2. 在上述示例中:
    • 交易价值为200,000印度卢比,且
    • 国际交易净利润率:15%
    • 销售成本:170,000印度卢比(200,000 * 85%)
    • 用于计算公平交易价格的净利润率:24%
    • 公平交易价格:223,684印度卢比(170,000 * 100 / 76)
    • 考虑公平交易价格后,净利润为53,684印度卢比
    • 净利润率:24%(53,684 / 223,684 * 100)

3. When is the Transactional Net Margin Method applicable?

  • Income Tax Act, 1961 does not provide for scenarios when TNMM method is to be used. As per Section 92C of Income Tax Act, the most appropriate method should be selected based on facts and circumstances.
  • When it comes to the Transactional Net Margin Method, no specific guidance or rule is provided to determine when this method can be accepted as reliable.
  • However, Rule 10C(2) of the Income Tax Rules provides for following factors which can be considered for selecting the most appropriate method. 
    • the nature and class of the international transaction [or the specified domestic transaction];
    • the class or classes of associated enterprises entering into the transaction and the functions performed by them taking into account assets employed or to be employed and risks assumed by such enterprises;
    • the availability, coverage and reliability of data necessary for application of the method. Nature of data available helps in determining the method of computation of ALP.
    • the degree of comparability existing between the international transaction and the uncontrolled transaction and between the enterprises entering into such transactions
    • extent to which reliable and accurate adjustments can be made on account of difference in international transactions and the comparable uncontrolled transaction.
    • the nature, extent and reliability of assumptions required to be made in application of a method.
  • Some of the factors of Comparability that you must consider, but are not limited to, while selecting TNMM for transfer pricing are: 
  • Functions that are performed- Here, you must take into account the assets that are used and the risks assumed for the same.
  • Contractual terms- This is to avoid any possible violations and to avoid future complications. 
  • Conditions that are prevailing in the markets currently, locations, and laws in force, etc.
  • Business Strategies
  • Barriers to entry in industry
  • Difference in the import vs. domestic content.

For safe and successful use of this transfer pricing method, make sure to keep the above points in mind or get in touch with an expert at VJM. 

4. Strengths and Weaknesses of Transactional Net Margin Method 

Just like the two faces of a coin, the Transactional Net Margin Method has both strengths and weaknesses. Some of them are mentioned below:

I. Strengths

  1. Net profit indicators are less affected by transactional differences than is the case with price, as used in the Comparable Uncontrolled Price (CUP) method. 
  2. Net profit indicators are also more tolerant to some functional differences between the controlled and uncontrolled transactions than gross profit margins.

II. Weaknesses

  1. It doesn’t have the similar accuracy rate as the CUP method because in TNMM the calculation is not just of the goods sold but also of the overheads. It also exposes the company wide profitability to transfer pricing adjustment. As the overheads are completely market determined, the net margins are affected by the factors that have nothing to do with price setting. 
  2. Information on uncontrolled transactions may not be available at the time of the controlled transactions. This can make the execution of this process quite difficult.
特许会计师 Kavit Vijay
本所合伙人 Kavit Vijay 在审计与鉴证领域拥有 15 年的从业经验。他负责领导本所的审计与鉴证部门,擅长领域包括:
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