La diferencia entre una empresa y otras formas de organización empresarial es bastante difusa. Las empresas se han convertido en una parte integral de los sistemas políticos y económicos modernos y son la fuerza dominante en los mercados nacionales e internacionales.
Una empresa es una asociación de personas que aportan dinero u objetivos comunes en algún comercio o negocio con fines de lucro. Otras formas de negocio pueden incluir al empresario individual, la sociedad, la franquicia y muchas más. Cada tipo tiene características y atributos únicos.
La forma de organización empresarial de sociedad es más adecuada para la producción a gran escala.
Este artículo analizará las ventajas y desventajas de una «sociedad» frente a cualquier otra forma de organización empresarial.
Existen los siguientes tipos de organizaciones empresariales
A continuación, analizaremos las formas de organización empresarial mencionadas anteriormente.
La sección 2(20) de la Ley de Sociedades de 2013 define una sociedad como «una sociedad constituida bajo la Ley de Sociedades de 2013 o bajo cualquier ley de sociedades anterior».
Una sociedad es una asociación voluntaria de un grupo de personas asociadas con un propósito común, como negocios, deportes, investigación, etc.
La asociación de personas puede ser natural, jurídica o una mezcla de ambas, compartiendo un fin común de lucro. Una sociedad es una persona jurídica. Se crea y se disuelve mediante un proceso legal. La sociedad puede celebrar contratos, comprar y vender propiedades. La sociedad puede demandar y ser demandada tanto por terceros como por sus miembros. Una sociedad puede ser pública, privada, limitada por acciones, limitada por garantía, ilimitada o unipersonal.
Un empresario individual es un negocio con un solo propietario o titular. Es el tipo más básico de organización con fines de lucro y el menos regulado por el gobierno. El propietario de una empresa individual toma todas las decisiones sobre el negocio y es libre de quedarse con todas las ganancias que genere.
Sin embargo, el propietario también es el único responsable de las deudas del negocio, lo que significa que sus activos personales están en riesgo si el negocio no puede pagar sus deudas.
Cuando dos o más personas deciden poseer y operar un negocio juntas, el negocio se conoce como sociedad. Las sociedades colectivas se rigen por la Ley de Sociedades de la India de 1932. Existen 2 tipos de sociedades.
Sociedad general: en esta, todos los propietarios comparten las ganancias y pérdidas financieras, y comparten la responsabilidad de todas las deudas.
Sociedad limitada: en esta, uno o más de los propietarios (llamados socios generales) dirigen el negocio y tienen responsabilidad ilimitada, o son considerados totalmente responsables de las deudas del negocio. Pero también puede haber socios limitados en el negocio que invierten en él y tienen solo una responsabilidad personal limitada por las deudas del mismo.
In Limited Liability Partnership, all the partners have limited liability. In LLP each partner is not responsible or liable for another partner’s misconduct or negligence.
A limited liability partnership is almost similar to a Limited Liability Company but different from limited partnership or general partnership. LLP is governed by the Limited Liability partnership Act 2008.
Corporations are organized very differently from proprietorships and partnerships. The ownership of a corporation is represented by shares of stock that can be transferred between owners, or stockholders.
A corporation is a legal entity, the corporation has designated rights, responsibilities, and privileges. When a corporation borrows money, it does so in its name, instead of the name of its assets founders or any other persons.
As a result, the liability for the company’s debts is limited. A large corporation can have millions of owners or stockholders.
Company Other Business organization: A company requires a specific number of persons, provided by law to be associated legally and to register a company. A business organization is governed by self-employed individuals and the owner and management of the business are in their hands. A company is a form of business of any kind, whether it is small or large. A Business Organization works for a common and collective commercial purpose of profit to meet a specific demand in the market. A company can be public, private, limited by shares, limited by guarantee, unlimited and one-person company.
Different forms of business can be sole traders, partnership firms, joint-stock companies, LLPs, a franchises. A Company can be a business organization. A business organization cannot be a company.
These are the advantages of a company over the other forms of business organizations
Resources are the crucial part of a business setup or organization. Managing resources helps companies to work efficiently. Resources are required to meet the desires of business outcomes. Resources can be monetary, raw material, labour, land, or in any other form.
In a company, capital can be raised by the issue of securities publically and privately in the case of the public and private company respectively. A company can collect a large sum of resources through shares. E.g. there is no maximum limit of no. of shareholders in a public company. Thus in times of need the number of shareholders can be increased.
A company is a separate legal entity independent of its members. The members who compose it. The business to be carried out is in the name of the company, the liabilities are the company’s liabilities. The company can only be created and dissolved by law. A company is capable of owning, enjoying, and disposing of property in its name. The members of the company do not have any direct rights over the company’s property. Thus the claims of the company’s creditors will be against the company’s property.
In a company, the liability of the members of a company is limited to the extent of the amount unpaid on the shares held by them. The members of a company are not personally liable for its debts. The liability of each shareholder is limited to the nominal value of the share issued to them at par. In the case of an unlimited company, the liability of the member is enforceable at the time of winding up only.
A company is a separate legal person and it is independent of the members composing it. A company can be created and dissolved by law only. Since a company can only be dissolved by law thus doesn’t depend on the lifetime of a natural person and possess a continuity of existence. Change in members or insolvency or retirement or even death of any member does not affect the continued existence of a company. A company has perpetual succession. Whereas in the case of a partnership, the death of a partner dissolves the partnership automatically.
The capital of a company is divided into small units or denominations called shares. The shares of a company are the property that is legally and freely transferable in the case of a public company. The company provides its members to sell their shares in the market and to get back the investment without having to withdraw the money from the company. The concept of transferability of shares provides stability to the company. In the partnership form of a business organization, a partner cannot transfer his shares unless he has the unanimous consent of all partners.
A company maintains a democratic structure. The alteration in the memorandum or article of association is done by a special meeting and resolutions, the procedure established by law. The board of directors is elected by the members of the company and the members have the right to decide the policies of the company.
If the members behind the company are indulging in fraudulent practices then the law intervenes between using the principle of the lifting of the corporate veil.
The formation of a company requires a lot of planning, paperwork and has to go through different stages before registration. The first stage of promotion is itself expensive and tiring. A prescribed num. of persons is to be associated to make a company.
A number. of documents are to be filed with the registrar of companies of the state in the registered office.and then raising of capital. Then, after incorporating the company, all requirements and compliances are needed to be complied with the as per the law provided.
In the case of a company, it is required to publish its capital structure, constitution, accounts, etc. by filing such required documents with the registrar of the companies. The policies, accounts, and workings of the company are to be discussed in the board meetings with all members. Thus leaving no privacy unlike other business organizations e.g. sole traders and partnership firms etc.
Unlike other business organizations e.g. sole traders and partnerships, a single person cannot make the decisions in the case of a company. Decisions are to be taken either in the board meeting or in the general meetings. The procedure of calling a meeting of the board of directors or members has to be followed as prescribed by law.
In the case of an unlimited company, the liabilities of the members do not have a limit. The members of the company would be personally liable for the debts of the company when the assets are insufficient to meet the conditions of the debt.
