デリー高等裁判所のヴィピン・サンギ裁判官およびサンジーヴ・ナルラ裁判官による部法廷は、TRAN 1の申告期限を2020年6月30日まで延長することを認める画期的な判決を下しました。さらに同裁判所は、税務当局に対し、この判決を広く周知し、TRAN-1の申告をウェブサイト等で公表するよう指示しました。これにより、これまで恩恵を受けられなかった納税者も、今後は申告が可能となります。
本判決は、以下の訴訟において言い渡されました。M/s Brand Equity Treaties Limited, Micromax Informatics Limited, Developer Group India Private Limited, Reliance Elektrik Works 対 インド連邦他(W.P.(C) 11040/2018およびC.M. No. 42982/2018, W.P.(C) 196/2019 & CM APPL. 965/2019, W.P.(C)8496/2019, W.P.(C) 13203/2019)
(以下の表を参照)
本件において、申立人は自身の不手際によりGST TRAN 1の申告を期限内に行うことができず、被申立人(税務当局)は、2017年6月30日時点で蓄積されていたCENVATクレジットのGST制度への繰り越しを認めませんでした。
申立人は、CENVATクレジットは憲法第300条A項に基づく既得権であり、単なる手続き上の不備を理由に剥奪されるべきではないと主張しました。したがって、2017年CGST規則第117条は強制的な性質を持つものではないと訴えました。
これに対し被申立人は、GST TRAN 1の申告遅延は技術的な不具合によるものではないと反論しました。
デリー高等裁判所は、2017年CGST規則第117条(1A)項で使用されている「共通ポータル上の技術的困難」という用語を狭義に解釈すべきではなく、被申立人側に起因する困難のみを指すものではないと判断しました。これには納税者が直面する困難も含まれます。被申立人と同様に、申立人側も新しいシステムに適応するための時間が必要です。さらに、GST導入前の制度に関連するITC(仕入税額控除)の利用に課される期限は、差別的かつ不合理なものであってはなりません。
本判決により、全国の納税者は2020年6月30日までGST TRAN-1の申告を行い、CENVATクレジットまたは仕入税額控除を受けられるようになりました。
本記事では、本件の重要な事実を簡潔にまとめました。以下の概要をご覧ください。
1. 本件の概要 GST TRAN 1申告
各申立人が直面した問題は以下の表の通りです。
| Name of Petitioner |
Issue in case |
Brand Equity Treaties Limited W.P.(C) 11040/2018 and C.M. No. 42982/2018 |
Petitioner claimed CENVAT credit in service tax return for the period of April to June, 2017. However, GST TRAN-1 could not be filed within the prescribed time limit because of involvement of multiple entities in preparation of data. |
MicroMax Informatics Ltd W.P.(C) 196/2019& CM APPL. 965/2019 |
Petitioner claimed CENVAT credit in service tax return. However, he filed GST TRAN-1 form on 24th November, 2017 to avail transitional credit but forgot to carry forward such ITC in GST TRAN-1. Despite repeated follow ups, respondent disallowed credit as same did not get auto populated in GST TRAN-01. |
Developer Group India Pvt Ltd W.P.(C) 8496/2019 |
Petitioners claimed CENVAT credit in service tax return filed for April, 2017 to June, 2017. Petitioner applied for such refund under section 142(3) of CGST Act but could not complete due to some technical error. Petitioner was later informed that the petitioner is not entitled to claim refund and therefore filed a physical copy of GST TRAN-01 on 24th August, 2018 with all supporting documents. However, nothing was heard in this regard. |
Reliace Elektrik Works W.P.(C) 13203/2019 |
The petitioner was also unable to file TRAN-1 due to some errors in the system within the due date and due to utter confusion. Petitioner also tried to get a solution from the respondent but no effective resolution was found. |
これに基づき、4件の申立人すべてが、CGST規則で定められた期限を超えてGST TRAN 1フォームを申告することにより、2017年6月30日時点の蓄積されたCENVATクレジットの利用を認めるよう被申立人に命じることを求めています。
また、本訴訟では、2017年CGST規則第117条が恣意的であり、憲法第14条の規定に違反しているとして、その憲法上の妥当性も問われました。
2. 本件における法的根拠
- 「第140条 – 仕入税額控除の経過措置」(2017年CGST法)では、すべての登録事業者は、所定の条件を満たすことを前提として、2017年6月30日に終了する期間の申告書に記載されたCENVATクレジットを繰り越す権利を有すると規定されています。
- 「第117条 – 現行法に基づき繰り越される税額控除、または指定日に在庫として保有される物品に対する税額控除」では、以下のように規定されています:
- 第140条に基づき控除を受ける権利を有するすべての登録事業者は、2017年7月1日から90日以内にGST TRAN-01で電子申告を行わなければならない。
- さらに、コミッショナーは当該90日の期間を最大90日延長することができる。
- また、技術的な不具合により2019年12月27日までに申告できなかった登録事業者に対し、コミッショナーはGST TRAN-01の申告期限を2019年3月31日を超えない範囲でさらに延長することができる。(第117条(1A)項が挿入)
- 第14条:法の下の平等:国家は、インドの領域内において、何人に対しても法の下の平等または法の平等な保護を否定してはならない。宗教、人種、カースト、性別、または出生地を理由とする差別の禁止。
- 第300条A項-法律の根拠なく財産を奪われない権利-何人も、法律の根拠なくその財産を奪われない。
3. 申立人の主張 - GST TRAN 1の申告期限は強制的な規定ではなく、手続き上の条件である
申立人は以下の根拠に基づき主張しました:
- GST System at the relevant point of time or even today is in a nascent “Trial and Error” phase. Therefore, petitioners can’t be made suffer due inefficiency in the system of respondent.
- The CENVAT credit is the property of the petitioner which is a vested right and very much protected constitutionally through the Article 300A of the Constitution.
- The petitioners claimed that the government can’t take away such vested right on account of inability to fulfil any conditions that are too procedural in nature.
- They further pleaded to the honorable court that the time to time extensions from the tax department to file claims for CENVAT credit is a clear indicator of the technical errors on the common portal. It also shows that the time limit for GST TRAN 1 filing is a procedural condition rather than a mandatory provision.
4. The Union of India and ORS submitted- Accumulated CENVAT Credit is not a vested right and can’t be claim to perpetuity
- The respondent demolished all the claims of petitioners as petitioners could not show any significant proof which exhibits their claim for technical glitch.
- Petitioners do not deserve any sympathy; it exhibited a casual approach on part of the petitioner in GST form TRAN 1 filing.
- In all earlier precedents, the extension was granted as there existed some technical glitch due to which GST TRAN 1 filing could not be filed within time.
- In the given case, petitioners filed GST TRAN 1 filing for the first time after the expiry of the due date.
- Further, Rule 117 is also valid as section 164(1) of CGST Act, 2017 authorises the government to make rules for carrying out provisions of the act on recommendation of council.
- Accumulated CENVAT Credit is not a vested right and can’t be claimed to perpetuity. Credit is in the nature of benefit/concession extended as per act. Therefore, rules can be framed for granting benefits.
5. Observations of the Honourable Delhi High Court
Observation of Hon’ble Delhi High Court is as follows:
5.1 The tax department could not meet the expectations and serve the needs of taxpayers
- The honorable court held that the transition from the former tax regime to GST to avail the tax credit was supposed to be done through an electronic declaration submission in Form GST TRAN 1 filing.
- The tax department has extended the due date of filing several times up until 27th December 2019. However, still, there were many taxpayers who could not meet the deadline.
- The major reasons behind it were the inadequacies in the network of the respondents. The tax department could not meet the expectations and serve the needs of taxpayers. Further, due to low bandwidth, many taxpayers could not file GST TRAN 1 filing on time.
- Consequently, IT Grievance Redressal Committee was constituted and assigned the tax of addressing grievances of taxpayers.
- Some of those claims were settled at the governmental level while there were many taken to court. In most of such cases, the decisions were given in favour of taxpayers.
- Respondent also acknowledged the issue and extended the time limit of filing of GST TRAN-01 under Rule 117(1A) of CGST Rules, 2017. Rule 117(1A) authorised commissioner to extend the due date of filing GST TRAN-01 in respect of those registered persons who could not file the same due to technical glitches.This substantiates that the period for filing the TRAN-1 is not considered as sacrosanct or mandatory.
- In some of the cases that came before the court, delay in filing of GST TRAN-01 was due to error on part of the taxpayer or due to lack of understanding of the complete Indirect tax system. Even in these cases, court gave benefit of doubt to the taxpayer and allowed to file form beyond due date.
- In the given case, petitioners either did not keep a track on the timelines or they have been wrongly directed because of the chaos and confusion prevailed at the time of introduction of the GST regime. That's the reason why they don't have enough proof to convincingly exhibit that they have faced technical difficulties while submitting TRAN-1 on GST portal.
5.2 Government can not curtail the accrued or vested right and restrict it to 90 days
- Section 140(1) of CGST Act enables a registered person to carry forward the ITC accumulated as on 30th June, 2017. Provisions of Service tax were repealed by GST provisions.
- Credit on 30th June, 2017 was accumulated, acquired and vested on 30th June, 2017 as it was appearing in CENVAT register. Therefore, credit was required to be transitioned to new regime.
- Time limit of filing of GST TRAN-01 was extended multiple times and it went much beyond the period originally envisaged and has still not expired. Thus, there is nothing sacrosanct about the time limit so provided.
- Further, arbitrary classification under Rule 117(1A) restricting the benefit to only those taxpayers whose cases are covered by “technical difficulties on common portal” is arbitrary, vague and unreasonable.
- “Technical Glitches” is a broader term that can not be restricted only to the difficulties faced by the respondent. It will includes technical difficulties faced by the taxpayer as well including taxpayer’s follies.
- A complete new system was implemented including new accounting system, reporting of turnover; claiming credit of prepaid taxes; and, payment of taxes. Just like respondents, even taxpayers need time to adapt to the new system.
- It is unfair on the part of respondent to expect taxpayers to be fully geared to deal with new system then respondent was himself ill-prepared.
- The phrase “technical difficulty” has been given a very restrictive meaning which is supplied by the GST system logs.
- Hon’ble HC mentioned that It is unfair to create differentiation and restrict benefit to technical snags alone. There could be various different types of technical difficulties occurring on the common portal which may not be solely on account of the failure to upload the form.
- Purpose of Rule 117(1A) was to save and protect the rights of taxpayers to avail of the CENVAT credit lying in their account. That objective should also serve other taxpayers, such as the petitioners. The approach of the Government should be fair and reasonable. It cannot be arbitrary or discriminatory, if it has to pass the muster of Article 14 of the Constitution.
6. Judgement : 30th June 2020 should be Last date of Claiming CENVAT Credit via TRAN-1
- “Technical Glitches” is a broder term and can’t be restricted to the difficulties being faced by the respondent.
- Time Limit prescribed for availing ITC with respect to goods purchased in pre-GST regime can’t be discriminatory and unreasonable. There has to be a rationale forthcoming and, in absence thereof, it would be violative of Article 14 of the Constitution.
- CENVAT credit vested is the property of the assessee, and is a constitutional right under Article 300A of the Constitution. The same cannot be taken away merely by way of delegated legislation by framing rules, without there being any overarching provision in the GST Act.
- A procedural directory can't overlay or contrary to substantive right vested under sub Section (1) of Section 140.
- Since Section 140 does not provide statements related to the consequences in case of delayed filing of TRAN-1, the rule 117 needs to be read and understood as a directory but not mandatory.
- Hon’ble Delhi HC held that Section 117 is directory in nature as far as it prescribes the time-limit for transitioning of credit. Therefore, same would not result in the forfeiture of the rights, in case the credit is not availed within the period prescribed.
- ただし、これはCENVATクレジットの利用が永久に認められるという意味ではありません。本法には具体的な規定がないため、裁判所は時効法の残余規定に基づき、3年という期間が妥当であると判断しました。したがって、裁判所は指定日から3年間がCENVATクレジットを利用できる最大期間であると判決を下しました。
本件において、すべての申立人が3年の期限内にTRAN-1の申告を行っている、あるいは行おうとしていることから、彼らはITCを受ける権利を有しているはずです。したがって、2020年6月30日までTRAN-1を申告することが許可されます。
7. 結論
この判決の最も重要な点は、デリー高等裁判所が税務当局に対し、この決定を広く周知するよう指示したことです。この命令は、理由の如何を問わずTRAN-1の申告ができず、ITCを請求できないすべての納税者に適用されます。
裁判所は税務当局に対し、TRAN-1のオンラインおよびオフラインでの申告を許可するよう言及しましたが、現在のロックダウン下では、納税者がオフラインでTRAN-1を申告する余地はほとんどありません。
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