FEMA | 外国為替管理法

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Fema
公開日:
April 8, 2020

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インド中央政府は、対外支払いや国境貿易を促進するために外国為替管理法(FEMA)を制定しました。1999年に導入されたこの法律は、FEMAと呼ばれ、それ以前の外国為替規制法(FERA)に代わるものとなりました。

FERAにはいくつかの欠点や抜け穴がありましたが、FEMAによってそれらが解消されました。さらに、この法律の下でさまざまな経済改革が導入されました。基本的に、この法律は規制緩和とインド経済の広範な発展を目的としています。

1. 外国為替管理法(FEMA)の目的は何ですか?

インドでFEMAが導入された基本的な目的は、対外的な支払いや貿易のための環境を整備することでした。さらに、この法律はインドの外国為替市場の維持と秩序ある発展を支援することを意図しています。

FEMAは、インド国内におけるすべての外国為替取引の手続きや形式を合理化します。ただし、外国為替取引は以下の2つのカテゴリーに分類されます。

  1. 経常収支取引
  2. 資本収支取引

この法律に基づき、実際の国際収支は資産、商品、サービスの取引を記録します。さらに、これらの取引はさまざまな国の市民とインドとの間で行われます。また、以下の2種類に分けられます。

  1. 経常収支(商品の貿易を含む)
  2. 資本収支(すべての資本取引を含む)

2. 経常収支取引

経常収支取引には、1年間における各国との間での資金の流入と流出が含まれます。これらの取引は、国同士の貿易やサービス、商品、所得の提供によって発生します。また、経常収支は一国の経済状況を測る指標でもあります。

これに従い、FEMAは第2条(gg)において、経常収支取引を資本収支取引以外の取引と定義しており、以下を含みます。

  1. 外国貿易、その他の経常的なビジネス、サービス、および通常の業務過程における短期的な銀行・信用供与に関連する支払い、または
  2. ローンの利息の支払い、または
  3. 海外に居住する両親、配偶者、子供の生活費の送金、または
  4. 両親、配偶者、子供の海外旅行、教育、医療に関連する費用

FEMAによると、経常収支取引はさらに以下の3つに分類されます。

  1. 中央政府の許可が必要な取引
  2. FEMAによって禁止されている取引
  3. インド準備銀行(RBI)の承認が必要な取引

3. 資本収支取引

前述の通り、国際収支には経常収支と資本収支が含まれます。したがって、国際収支のもう一方の要素が資本収支です。これには、資本支出や受領による経済内の資本移動が含まれます。また、資本収支は外国資産への国内投資やその逆の取引を認識するものです。

これに従い、FEMAは「資本収支取引」を、インド居住者のインド国外における資産または負債、あるいはインド非居住者のインド国内における資産または負債を変動させる取引と定義しています。

4. 取引分類の根拠

FEMAの目的は、外国為替取引を規制することです。管理なしに外国取引を行えば、インド経済に甚大な損失をもたらす可能性があります。そのため、国益を考慮し、国益に反する一部の外国為替取引を完全に禁止し、政府やインド準備銀行の事前承認が必要な取引を許可し、一部の取引は自由に行えるようにすることが重要です。

この目的のために、取引は2つに分けられ、取引の種類に応じて異なる条件が課されています。

Generally, all current account transactions are permitted unless prohibited and on the contrary, all capital account transactions are prohibited unless permitted.

5. Relevancy of FEMA

The Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) is applicable for the whole of India along with organizations based outside India but owned or maintained by an Indian citizen. Hence, the FEMA is relevant to-

  • Exportation of any service or commodity from India to any country situated outside India
  • Importation of any service or merchandise from a country located outside India
  • Foreign security
  • Foreign exchange
  • Securities as per the Public Debt Act 1994
  • Alongside, NRI owned overseas company, and 60% ownership is assigned to the person also
  • Financial, Insurance, and Banking services
  • Any citizen of India who is residing in the country or outside (NRI)
  • Apart from that, sale, purchase, and exchange of any transfer also

6. Prohibition for drawing Foreign Exchange

Considering the welfare of the country and economy, there are certain transactions which are prohibited under FEMA.

Hence, such transactions are given in Schedule I of reading with Rule 3 of Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rules, 2000. Following are the prohibited transactions, that are- 

  • Remittance to buy sweepstakes, lottery tickets, football pools, banned magazines. Alongside that, any item restricted under Schedule II of Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rules, 2000 also.
  • Remittance from winning any lottery or from the income on riding/racing
  • Commission payment for exports made for any joint venture of an Indian company or entirely owned subsidiaries sent to abroad
  • Remittance on exportation according to Rupees State Credit Routes, only except the commission on 10% of the invoice value on the exportation of tobacco and tea
  • A trip to Nepal or Bhutan
  • Payment made for "Call back services." 
  • However, a transaction made with a resident of Nepal or Bhutan also comes under this
  • Alongside, remittance of the interest income of funds in a Non-resident Special Rupees Scheme account (NRSR) also

7. Where the Central Government's prior approval is mandatory to draw foreign exchange?

There are certain transactions for which the Central Government's prior approval is mandatory to draw foreign exchange. However, these transactions are specified in Schedule III of Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) (FEMA) Rules, 2000 along with the corresponding ministry from which approval is required, which is as follows-

Nature of Transaction Ministry from which approval is required
Putting an advertisement in a foreign country-based print media (except for tourism, foreign investments, or international bidding), exceeding 10,000 USD by State Government or PSU Ministry of Finance (Department of Economic Affairs)
Cultural trip to any foreign country Ministry of Human Resources Development (Department of Education and Culture)
Allowance of freight of vessels hired by a PSU Ministry of Surface Transport (Chartering Wing)
Payment for importation through ocean transport (C.I.F. basis) by a Government department or PSU Ministry of Surface Transport (Chartering Wing)
Remittance of container detention charges exceeding rates estimated by Director-General of Shipping Ministry of Surface Transport (Director General of Shipping)
Sponsorship or prize money for sports outside India (if amount exceeds 100,000 USD), by persons other than street-level, national, or international sports bodies Ministry of Human Resources Development (Department of Youth Affairs and Sports)
Remittance of hiring charges of the transponder by TV channels and Internet Service Providers Ministry of Information and Broadcasting & Ministry of Communication and Information Technology
Allowance by multi-modal transport operators to their agents working abroad Ministry of Information and Broadcasting & Ministry of Communication and Information Technology
Remittance for P&I Club membership Ministry of Finance (Insurance Division)

8. Approved Route to draw Foreign Exchange 

Individuals can avail of a foreign exchange facility for the following purposes. But the limit given under the Liberalisation Remittance Scheme (“LRS”) of USD 2,50,000 on a financial year basis has to be maintained.

  1. Private visits to any country (except Nepal and Bhutan)
  2. Gift or donation
  3. Going abroad for employment
  4. Emigration
  5. However, the maintenance of close relatives abroad also falls under this
  6. Moreover, travel for business, or attending a conference or specialized training or for meeting expenses for meeting medical expenses. Alongside, check-up abroad, or for accompanying as attendant to a patient going abroad for medical treatment/ check-up also comes under this.
  7. Alongside, expenses in connection with medical treatment abroad also
  8. Studies abroad
  9. However, any other current account transaction which is not covered under the definition of a current account in FEMA 1999.

For this purpose, AD bank may undertake the remittance transaction. That's too without prior approval of RBI for all residual current account transactions. However, the transactions must not be prohibited or restricted transactions under Schedule I, II or III of Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Act (FEMA), 2000.

Hence, it is for the AD to satisfy themselves about the genuineness of the transaction, as hitherto.

However, any additional remittance in excess of the said limit for the following purposes shall require prior approval of the Reserve Bank of India.

9. Conclusion

However, now its time for us to bid adieu.  Hope the article has helped you to get the right information since our experts have tried to cover all the aspects of FEMA. Moreover, if you have any doubt over this post your queries in the comment section.

CA Sachin Jindal
CA Sachin Jindalによる専門的な知見、ヒント、最新情報をご覧ください。
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