Invoices appear as one of the earliest manifestations of written records. In common parlance, Invoice is a document made by a person who is selling goods or providing services and it is raised on Buyer of goods or recipient of service. Invoices under GST contains details of supplier, buyer, description of goods or services which is supplied by supplier, price, discount, terms and conditions of supply, taxes, transporters details etc. As invoice contains all details related to transactions of supply, therefore, it plays a very crucial role for ensuring proper tax compliance in the entire taxation system.
Goods and service tax (“GST”) is levied on supply of goods or services. Therefore, invoice under GST seems to be an important document as it contains details of such supply and therefore, it holds utmost importance.
Let us discuss the importance, applicability and other related issues of invoice under GST. Provisions relating to Invoice are contained under Chapter VII (section 31 to 34) of Central Goods and Service Tax Act, 2017.
Under the GST regime, an “invoice” or “tax invoice” means the tax invoice referred to in section 31 of the CGST Act, 2017. Basically a tax invoice is issued by the registered person while making a taxable supply and it contains all details related to supply such as Details of supplier, buyer, details of products, GST Charged, transporters details. Hence, unregistered persons cannot issue a tax invoice under GST.
Not only from the supplier’s point of view but from recipient’s point of view also, a tax invoice is a mandatory document for the purpose of claiming Input Tax Credit.
Now the very first question arises: what is the due date of issuance of tax invoice under GST. A transaction of supply involves multiple steps such as receipt of purchase order, dispatch of goods for delivery to transporter, delivery of goods to the recipient and receipt of invoice value from buyer. So, what should be the point of time of generation of tax invoice.
Time of generation of tax invoice is material as liability of payment of GST arises on the date of issuance of tax invoice.
Date of issuance of the tax invoice is based on whether it is a supply of goods or services because time of issuance of invoice is different under both circumstances. Section 31 of CGST Act, 2017 defines the due date of issuance of tax invoice.
Under GST, supplier has to issue the “Tax invoice” within the given time frame as provided under sub section (1), (2), (3), (4) & (5) of section 31 of CGST Act read with rule 47 of CGST Act:
In case of supply of taxable goods, following are the due date of issuance of tax Invoice:
For Example:
As a given case does not involve movement of goods, therefore, X Limited shall be required to raise invoice on or before date of delivery of goods. Tools were delivered to Y limited on 13th August.
In case of supply of taxable services, tax invoice is to be issued by following due dates:
In case of continuous supply of goods/service, following are the due dates for issuance of tax invoice:
*Continuous supply of goods means supply of goods on a continuous or recurring basis under contract where supplier raises invoice on regular basis. E.g., supply of gas through pipelines in the factory. In this case, the supplier of gas raises an invoice on the recipient on a regular basis.
** Continuous supply of service means supply of service on a continuous or recurring basis under a contract for a period exceeding 3 months. Supplier raises invoices on regular basis. E.g., Telephone service or internet service. Mobile operators provide services to the user on regular basis and invoice is raised on a regular interval.
In case where supply of services is ceased before completion of contract then the Invoice shall be issued at the time when supply ceases. Invoice shall be issued to the extent supply made before such cancellation.
At the time of sending goods on approval basis, the movement does not result in supply since the goods have not been accepted by the prospective customer at the time of movement. Therefore, at the time of removal of goods, only delivery challan is required to be issued.
In such case, Invoice is issued before or at the time of supply or on completion of 6 months from date of removal, whichever is earlier.
Tax Invoice is not issued at the time of removal because at time of removal it is not certain that sending goods will result in a supply. However after getting confirmation from the recipient, the supplier is required to issue a tax invoice. But in case no confirmation is received within a period of 6 months then it is considered as supply and tax invoice should be issued on the day immediately succeeding the completion of 6 months limit.
(Note: if the buyer rejects the goods and goods are brought back to the supplier’s premises, then as no supply has been materialised therefore no further compliances required. Goods can be brought back on a delivery challan).
Different types of tax invoices are provided under GST law under different scenarios. However, obligation to issue tax invoice arises only on the supplier who is registered under GST. Any person who is not registered under GST can’t issue a tax invoice.
A registered person under GST has to issue a tax invoice within the prescribed time limit mentioned under section 12 of CGST Act 2017 for supply of goods and under section 13 of CGST Act 2017 for supply of services.
Every person registered under GST is required to issue a tax invoice for supply of goods or services. Therefore, issuance of that tax invoice is mandatory under GST. However, apart from tax invoice, GST law provides for various other types of documents required to be issued in different scenarios. Following are the types of documents to be prepared under GST:
Every registered person has to issue a tax invoice for the supplies made from the date of registration under GST. However, there can be a certain gap between effective date of registration and date of issuance of registration certificate.
Therefore, For the supplies made during this intervening (from date of effective registration under GST and date of issuance of registration certificate), a person is required to issue a revised invoice within 30 days from date of issuance of certificate.
For Example: BR Furniture commenced supply of goods on 30th April. From 15th July, his liability for registration under GST arose. He applied for GST registration on 30th July mentioning the date of liability of registration as 15th July. Certificate of registration was issued on 5th August. In the given case, the supplier is required to issue a tax invoice and charge GST on supply made between 15th July and 5th August. However, due to non-availability of a registration certificate, it was not possible to issue a tax invoice. Therefore, as per section 31(3)(a) of CGST Act, such person can issue revised tax invoice for the supplies made between 15th July and 5th August within 30 days from date of issuance of registration certificate.
In case of supplies to unregistered dealers, recipients are not entitled to claim ITC of GST paid by the supplier. Therefore, creating separate revised tax invoices for all suppliers may not be a smart idea. Considering the same ground, Rule 53(2) of CGST Rules provides for issuance of a consolidated revised invoice for all intra-state supplies made to an unregistered person during the period of date of effective registration and date of issuance of registration certificate.
Further, in case of inter-state supplies, consolidated revised invoice can be issued for all the recipients located in the same state. However, if the value of any inter-state supply exceeds INR 2,50,000 then a separate invoice is required for such supply.
A registered person supplying exempt goods or services or person registered under composition scheme or person paying tax under concessional scheme (Notification no. 2/2019 dated 7.3.2019) have to issue a bill of supply instead of a tax invoice.
If a registered person receives any advance for supply of goods and services or both from the recipient then he shall issue a receipt voucher to the recipient as a payment of proof.
* If at the time of receipt of advance, rate of tax is not ascertainable then it is to be considered at a rate of 18% and nature of supply shall be considered as interstate supply. This concern arises only in case of supply of services as advance received on supply of goods is not liable to GST. In case of supply of goods, supplier is not liable to pay GST on advance received.
If the supplier received advance for supply of goods and services and subsequently no corresponding supply is materialized, then, in that case a refund voucher is issued by a supplier to a person at the time of refund of amount. In this case no supply is made hence no question of tax invoice arises.
If a registered person procures any material or service from unregistered dealer then he is required to issue self invoice for such purchase.
A payment voucher needs to be issued when any payment is made with respect to a supply on which tax is payable on a reverse charge basis by the recipient.
For the purpose of movement of goods, it is necessary to accompany goods with supporting documents issued under GST during movement such as Tax Invoice. However, In cases where liability of the supplier doesn’t arise to issue a tax invoice at the time of commencement of movement then supplier may issue a delivery challan instead of tax invoice.
Yes, as per Rule 55 which specifies the following situation under which consignor may issue delivery challan instead of tax at time of removal of goods:
このようなすべての場合において、供給者は納品書（デリバリー・チャラン）を発行しなければなりません。供給完了後、供給者は税務請求書を発行するものとします。
物品がバッチ単位、ロット単位、または半完成品もしくは完全なノックダウン状態で輸送される場合、請求書発行の義務は以下の方法で発生します。
注：供給者が税務請求書の代わりに納品書を発行する場合、その旨を規則138A (5) に基づくEウェイ・ビルに記載しなければなりません。
インプットサービスディストリビューター（「ISD」）とは、物品、サービス、またはその両方の供給者の事業所であり、インプットサービス（仕入税額控除対象サービス）の受領に対して税務請求書を受け取り、中央税、州税／連邦直轄領税、または統合税の控除を分配する目的で所定の書類を発行するものを指します（例：本社）。
本社は様々な供給のためのインプットを受け取ります。しかし、本社には外部への供給がないため、そのような仕入税額控除（ITC）を利用することはできません。そのため、GST法では本社から各ユニットへのITCの移転を規定しています。ITC分配の目的で、会社は税務請求書を発行する必要があります。
規則54に基づき、税務請求書には以下の詳細を記載しなければなりません。
*ただし、銀行、保険会社、および金融機関については、シリアル番号を除く上記すべての詳細が記載されていれば、税務請求書の代わりに任意の書類を含めることができます。
場合によっては、政府が供給者に対して請求書フォーマットの緩和措置を講じることがあります。その一部を以下に挙げます。
通常、供給者には請求書へのシリアル番号付与が義務付けられていますが、銀行は特定の課税期間内に多数の顧客に対して膨大なサービスを提供するため、この規定は適用されません。そのため、保険会社／銀行／金融機関（NBFCを含む）は、毎月末に、その月間に行われた取引をまとめた税務請求書、またはその他の書類を物理的または電子的に発行することが認められています。
Apart from information prescribed for tax invoice under rule 46, GTA shall also mention Gross weight of the consignment, Name of the consignor and consignee, Registration number of goods carriage in which the goods are transported, details of goods transported, details of place or origin and destination, GSTIN of the person liable for paying tax whether as consignor, consignee of GTA.
規則46に従って発行される税務請求書には、シリアル番号および課税サービスの受領者の住所を除き、あらゆる形式のチケットが含まれます。
第34条に基づき、クレジットノート（貸方票）は、商品やサービスの供給に対して1つ以上の税務請求書が発行された後、請求金額が過大であったことが判明した場合、受領者によって商品が返品された場合、または供給された商品やサービスに不備があった場合に、登録済みの供給者によって発行されます。
商品またはサービスを供給した登録事業者は、会計年度内に行われた供給に対して、1つ以上のクレジットノートを発行することができます。
デビットノート（借方票）は、請求書に記載された課税対象額が実際より少ない場合や、税額が過少に請求されたために、買い手が売り手に支払うべき金額が増加する場合に発行されます。1つの請求書に対して複数のデビットノートを発行することも、複数の請求書に対して1つのデビットノートを発行することも可能です。
クレジットノートおよびデビットノートの内容：GSTポータルにおけるクレジットノート／デビットノートの報告は、GSTR-1で行われます。以下の詳細情報が必要です：
クレジットノートの発行に期限はありませんが、税務上の調整を行うためには、供給者が仕入税額控除（ITC）を申請していないことを条件として、会計年度終了後の9月より前に発行する必要があります。供給者が所定の期間内にクレジットノートを発行しなかった場合、共通ポータルに表示する必要はありません。
すべての請求書タイプにおいて、情報の大部分は共通しています。各書類にはわずかな違いがあります。税務請求書には以下の詳細を記載する必要があります：
*小規模納税者のコンプライアンス負担を軽減するため、前年度の年間総売上高が1.5億ルピー以下の登録事業者は、税務請求書に商品またはサービスのHSNコードを記載する義務はありません。[2017年6月28日付通知第12/2017号]
税務請求書を発行しない、または偽の請求書を発行した供給者には、以下の罰則が科されます：
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