Growing economy gives us an opportunity to earn more but increased compensation leads to incremental taxes too. Hence every person tries to minimise his tax liability through legitimate or illegitimate means. At times statute itself provides various options to reduce tax liability such as deductions for investments, Exemption of Income from certain investment, further re-investment to reduce Capital gain tax etc. However, still taxpayers try to avoid payment of tax or pay substantially less tax than actually payable. The common reason for evasion of income tax is that a considerable part of Income is paid to the government as taxes and people do not get benefit directly from such tax payment.
This tax liability reduction practise, either through legitimate or illegitimate options, is known as “Tax Avoidance”, “Tax Evasion” and “Tax Planning. Although the words “Tax avoidance” and “Tax evasion” and “Tax planning” sound similar but in practical scenarios they are radically different.
Tax avoidance is legal use of law to reduce tax burden. Although tax avoidance is legal but there are some people who have a malafide intention also. Any planning which though strictly according to legal requirement defeats the basic intention of the legislature behind the statue. In simple terms we can say taking advantage of loopholes to reduce tax liability. These kinds of practises generally result in disputes between Department and taxpayer and these matters are settled by decisions of judicial authority. In such cases, judicial authorities interpret the objective of statute and decide the legal position.
Tax evasion, on the other hand, is an attempt to reduce your tax liability by deceit, shunning, or concealment. Tax evasion is a crime. It deliberately misrepresents the law and tries to reduce tax liability such as declaring less income, submitting forgery documents, inaccurate financial statements or overstating deductions. To curb these practises, statues contain necessary provisions for penalties and punishments and therefore, defaulting taxpayers punishable under relevant laws.
Tax planning is a very legal and handsome way to reduce your burden of income tax liability to stick yourself within the provision of law. It is very much permissible in law. Statutes generally do so to promote any geographical location, class of persons, nature of activities, area of investment etc. E.g. tax holidays are given under the Income Tax Act for setting up manufacturing plants in various geographical areas.
Income tax Act is a highly lengthy and complicated statute and there is a scope for tax evasion and avoidance. Upon identifying such loopholes, governments plug loopholes and have made amendments in Income Tax Act from time to time so that people are not able to avoid or evade tax.
In this article, we have discussed Some of these amendments:
Section 94(1) aims at preventing avoidance of tax by assessee where assessee transfer the securities before the due date of interest. What assessee do is, shifting the tax burden to some other person to rescue himself from tax liability. Such transfer transaction is made from a person whose income is taxable under higher tax slab and transfer is made to the person with income in lower tax slab. These transfer of securities by transferor to transferee shall be called Bond Washing Transaction.
To overcome these types of transactions, section 94 provides that the interest from such securities is taxable in hand of the transferor rather than the transferee. However, clubbing of interest income shall not be made if transferor proves that :
As per principle of demand and supply, price of a share increases when the company is about to announce allotment of bonus shares or distribution of dividend is due. In such a scenario, to generate loss, most of the shareholders buy shares immediately before allotment of bonus shares and post allotment of bonus shares, sales such originally held share at lower prices and generate loss in Income tax return.
As per Section 94(8) of the Income Tax Act 1961, deals with the provisions related to the Bonus stripping.
section 94(8) provides that the loss, if any, arising to an investor on account of purchase and sale of Original units shall be ignored for the purpose of computing his total income chargeable to tax, subject to the following conditions-
*Record Date means the date fixed by the company for the purpose of determining entitlement of shareholders to bonus shares.
However such loss, generated from sale of original units, will be considered as cost of acquisition (COA) of the bonus unit held on the date of sale (indexation benefit available on such cost of acquisition).
Please note that section 94(8) shall not not apply if all additional units are transferred before original units are sold.
Example1: Suncare mutual fund declares 1:1 bonus units on its units on 28th April, 2019. The record date for bonus units was fixed to be 30st of June, 2019. Mr A purchases 1000 units (Original units) of Suncare on 20th May, 2019 at a rate of Rs.100 per unit. Mr A sells 1000 original units on 20th January, 2020 at a rate of Rs.75 per unit.
*As per section 94(8) of Income Tax Act 1961, the Short term capital loss amount to Rs.25000 shall not be considered in computing the total income and such short term capital loss shall neither be set off nor be carried forward. Thus, loss of INR 25,000 will be considered as cost of acquisition of bonus units (1000).Therefore, cost per unit of bonus shares will be INR 25.
If in above example, Mr A sells 1000 original units on 20th January, 2020 at a rate of Rs.75 per unit and 500 units of such bonus units at a rate of Rs.75 per unit on 25h January, 2020 then
# Cost of acquisition of 500 bonus units 25,000 x 500 = Rs.12,500
1000
*As per Section 94(8), the Short term capital loss amount to Rs.25000 shall not be considered in computing the total income and such short term capital loss shall neither be set off nor to be carried forward. Thus cost of acquisition of bonus units (1000) taken is of Rs.25000.
The Short term capital gain on sale of bonus units Rs.25000 shall be taxable.
Example2: If in example1, Mr A sells all the 1000 bonus units on 15th November, 2019 at the rate of Rs.75 per unit and 1000 original units on 15thJanuary, 2020 at a rate of Rs.75 per unit then
*In this case, the provision of Bonus stripping (Section 94(8)) does not apply as all additional units are transferred before original units are sold.
The Short term capital loss amount to Rs.25000 is allowed to set off and be carried forward. Simultaneously, Short term capital gain of INR 75,000 will be taxable.
Similar to Bonus stripping, same principle of price fluctuations are also applicable in case of declaration of dividend. Therefore, Dividend stripping strategy is opted to generate capital loss in Income tax return and also to generate exempted income of dividend.
Dividend stripping is a short-term trading strategy. It’s when you buy a stock shortly before a dividend has been declared at the higher price and intention of selling shares is immediately after the dividend is paid at the lower price.
This may be done either by an ordinary investor as an investment strategy, or by a company's Owners or associates as a tax avoidance strategy
Let us understand with the help of example: Suppose Company XYZ announces dividend at a Record Date – 1.08.2019 (Date of which shareholding will be considered for the purpose of distribution of dividend_its registered shareholder). On 30.06.2019 Mr Y purchased shares of XYZ from Mr X for Rs.250. On 1.08.19 Mr Y earns a dividend of Rs10. On 20.08.2019 Mr Y further sold shares for Rs.200. Now Mr Y has following incomes:
Mr Y claims that he is allowed to set off against any other capital gain income and carry forward the loss for 8 years. Hence taxpayers enjoy a twofold benefit by claiming a capital loss and exempt dividend u/s 10(34).
この抜け穴を塞ぐため、第94条(7)項が導入されました。同項では、株式の売買による損失は、配当金額（上記の例では10ルピー）を上限として、損益通算や繰越控除が認められない{改正前}
注：実務的な観点から見ると、改正後は配当ストリッピングの概念はほとんど意味をなさなくなっています。これは、第10条(34)項（配当所得）および第10条(35)項（投資信託による配当）に基づく非課税措置が廃止され、金額の多寡にかかわらず、株主や受益者の手元で全額課税対象となるためです。
しかし、配当ストリッピングに関する当局からの明確な指針は、依然として示されていません。
財務大臣は予算演説においてDDTを廃止し、古典的な課税方式を採用しました。これにより、配当や投資信託からの収益は、受取人の適用税率に応じて課税されることとなり、企業や投資信託会社によるDDTの納付義務はなくなりました。
居住者株主の場合
個人：個人株主の場合、配当は適用される所得税率に応じて課税されます。
さらに、年間5,000ルピーを超える配当金については、10%の源泉徴収税（TDS）が課されます。
企業：法人株主の場合、配当は実効税率（25.17%から34.94%の範囲）に応じて課税されます。
投資信託：所得税法に第194K条が新設され、投資信託会社が居住者に配当を支払う際、10%の源泉徴収税（TDS）を徴収することが義務付けられました。
非居住者株主の場合
インド企業は、非居住者株主に配当を支払う際、20%の源泉徴収税を差し引く義務があります。
改正前、納税者は配当ストリッピングを通じて、非課税の配当所得とキャピタルロスを生み出そうとしていました。しかし、DDTの廃止と納税者側での課税により、非課税所得という側面は消滅しました。一方で、キャピタルロスの発生については依然として同様の状況が続いています。改正後の配当ストリッピング取引について、当局はまだ明確な見解を示していません。
所得税当局は、脱税や租税回避の罪に問われた者に対し、さまざまな罰則を科すことができます。これらの罰則は、本来報告すべき税務を怠ったり、納税義務を果たさなかったりした企業にも適用されます。主な罰則は以下の通りです：
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