ノンバンク金融機関(NBFC)とは、会社法に基づき登録された企業であり、融資や貸付、リース、割賦販売などの金融事業を行うものです。インド経済におけるNBFCの役割は著しく高まっており、さまざまなセクターがNBFCから金融サービスを受けています。
そのため、インド準備銀行(RBI)は、NBFCが規制の枠組みの中で機能するよう、段階的に監督を強化しています。これに関連し、RBIは2021年10月22日付の通知(No. RBI/2021-22/112 DOR.CRE.REC.No.60/03.10.001/2021-22)により、NBFC向けの全く新しい規模別規制(SBR)枠組みを公表しました。
本稿では、この新しい規制枠組みへの移行について詳しく解説します。
1. 現行の分類と新しい分類の比較
1.1. 現行の分類
- 現在、NBFCは以下の基準に基づいて分類されています:
- 負債の種類に基づき、NBFCは以下のように分類されます:
- 預金受入NBFC(NBFC-D)
- 預金非受入NBFC
- さらに、資産規模に基づき、預金非受入NBFCは、資産規模が5億インドルピーを超えるシステム上重要なNBFC(NBFC-ND-SI)と、資産規模が5億インドルピー未満のシステム上重要でないNBFC(NBFC-ND)に分類されます。
- また、NBFCは事業の性質に基づいても異なるカテゴリーに分類されます。事業の性質に基づくNBFC分類の例をいくつか挙げます:
Classification of NBFCs Based on Business Activity
| Nature of Business Activity |
Classification of NBFC |
| Lending, asset financing, and investments |
Investment and Credit Companies (NBFC-ICC) |
| Microfinance business |
Microfinance Institution (NBFC-MFI) |
| Housing finance business |
Housing Finance Companies (HFC) |
1.2. SBR枠組みにおける改訂後の分類
- SBR枠組みの下では、NBFCは以下の4つの層に分類されます:
- ベースレイヤー
- ミドルレイヤー
- アッパーレイヤー
- トップレイヤー
- 新しい枠組みにおける分類は、資産規模と事業の性質の両方を考慮して行われます。また、高リスクのNBFCは、さまざまな定量的および定性的パラメーターを通じて特定されます。
NBFC向けの新しいSBR枠組みの詳細はこちらをご覧ください。
2. 新しい規制枠組みの適用
- 通知によると、新しい規制枠組みは2022年10月1日から発効します。
- ただし、IPOの申し込み資金調達に対する借入人1人あたり1,000万インドルピーの上限は、2022年4月1日から適用されます。
- 2022年10月1日以降、NBFC-NDへの言及はすべてNBFC-BLを指し、NBFC-DおよびNBFC-ND-SIへの言及は、状況に応じてNBFC-MLまたはNBFC-ULを指すものとします。
3. 新しい規制枠組みへの移行
RBIは、新しいSBR枠組みへの移行について以下のロードマップを提示しています:
3.1. 最低純自己資本(NOF)
- NBFC-CCI、NBFC-MFI、およびNBFC-Factorsの最低純自己資本(NOF)の規制要件は、2,000万インドルピーから1億インドルピーに引き上げられました。
- ただし、NOF 1億インドルピーを達成するためのガイドラインとして、以下の移行パスが提供されています:
Minimum Net Owned Fund (NOF) Requirements for NBFCs
| NBFCs |
Current Minimum NOF Required |
By March 31, 2025 |
By March 31, 2027 |
| NBFC-ICC |
2 Crores |
5 Crores |
10 Crores |
| NBFC-MFI |
5 Crores (2 Crores in North-East Region) |
7 Crores (5 Crores in North-East Region) |
10 Crores |
| NBFC-Factors |
5 Crores |
7 Crores |
10 Crores |
- その他のNBFCに対するNOF要件は、引き続き変更ありません。
3.2. NPA Classification
- Under new SBR Framework, time period classification of Non-performing assets has been reduced to 90 days for all categories of NBFCs. However, such provision shall not immediately.
- Following is the framework provided for applicability of revised NPA Norms:
NPA Norms Implementation Timeline
| NPA Norms |
Timelines |
| > 150 days overdue |
By March 31, 2024 |
| > 120 days overdue |
By March 31, 2026 |
| > 90 days overdue |
By March 31, 2027 |
- However, such glide path will not be applicable to NBFCs which are already required to follow the 90-day NPA norm.
3.3. Transition path for NBFC-Upper Layer
- Norms for NBFCs falling under Base Layer and Upper Layer are mostly the same as applicable currently except for some changes such as Net Owned funds and NPA classification.
- Therefore, the transition path is provided for NBFC falling under Upper Layer.
- RBI shall advise the NBFC about its categorization under NBFC-UL once identified and such NBFC shall be placed under the regulations applicable to Upper Layer. The following timetables must be followed for this purpose:
- Within three months of receiving notice, the NBFC must establish a Board-approved policy for the adoption of the increased regulatory framework, as well as a strategy for its implementation.
- Within a maximum of 24 months (including above 3 months) from the date of advice, the Board shall ensure that the requirements provided for the NBFC-UL are followed.
- The Board-approved roadmap for implementing the enhanced regulatory requirement will be presented to the Reserve Bank for approval and will be subject to supervisory examination.
- Transition of NBFC to the Upper Layer
- Once an NBFC is classified as NBFC-UL, it is subject to stricter regulatory requirements for at least 5 years, even if it fails to meet the parametric criteria in succeeding years.
- However, NBFC-UL may exit the enhanced regulatory framework before the five-year period if the exit is due to a voluntary strategic move to recalibrate operations in accordance with a Board-approved policy.
- NBFCs that are on the verge of meeting the standards and benchmarks that would qualify them for NBFC-UL classification will be notified so that they can adapt their activities (In case they intend to continue to function as NBFC-ML on a long-term basis and do not want to graduate to NBFC-UL).
- Review of Assessment Methodology
The approach for evaluating the NBFC-UL will be evaluated on a regular basis.
3.4. Government-owned NBFCs are divided into four categories.
Government-owned NBFCs are still in the transition phase to meet the minimal CRAR, according to the Reserve Bank's circular on 'Withdrawal of Exemptions Granted to Government-Owned NBFCs' dated May 31, 2018. As a result, it has been decided that certain NBFCs will not be subjected to the Upper Layer regulatory framework at this time. A decision on whether to include qualifying Government NBFCs that match the stipulated requirements in the Upper Layer will be made at a later date, and in the meantime, the NBFC-ML guidelines will apply.
3.5. Regulation of NBFCs not availing public funds and not having customer interface
NBFCs that do not use public funds and do not have a client interface have a different risk profile and, as a result, should be treated differently by regulators. The Reserve Bank has decided to provide separate regulations for such NBFCs in the near future. The existing regulations will continue to apply until that time comes.